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Learn what the Arrhenius equation shows, how activation energy affects rate, and how temperature changes reaction speed.

Learn what London dispersion forces are, why all molecules have them, and how they affect boiling points and molecular properties in IB Chemistry.

Learn what ionization energy is, how it trends across the periodic table, and why atoms require energy to lose electrons.

Learn what a galvanic cell is, how it generates electricity, and why it is essential in IB Chemistry electrochemistry.

Learn what a homologous series is, its key characteristics, and why it matters in organic chemistry.

Learn what redox reactions are, how oxidation and reduction work, and how to identify electron transfer in IB Chemistry.

Learn what Raoult’s law states, how vapor pressure changes in solutions, and why ideal solutions follow this behavior.

Learn what half-equations are, how to write oxidation and reduction half-reactions, and why they are essential in IB Chemistry redox problems.

Learn how catalysts lower activation energy, speed up reactions, and influence reaction pathways in IB Chemistry.

Learn what a homologous series is, why organic compounds follow patterns, and how IB Chemistry uses homologous series to predict physical and chemical properties.

Learn what endothermic reactions are, why they absorb heat, and how to identify them in IB Chemistry.

Learn what percent yield is, how to calculate it, and why actual yield differs from theoretical yield in IB Chemistry.

Learn what hybridization is, how sp, sp², and sp³ orbitals form, and how hybridization determines molecular geometry in IB Chemistry.

Learn what bond enthalpy is, how it’s measured, and how to calculate enthalpy changes using average bond energies.

Learn what electronegativity difference is, how it determines bond type, and why it matters in IB Chemistry bonding and polarity.

Learn what chromatography is used for, how it separates mixtures, and why it is essential in IB Chemistry for analysis and identification.

Learn what standard state means, how it’s defined, and why it matters for enthalpy, entropy, and Gibbs free energy.

Learn what a coordinate (dative) bond is, how it forms, and why it is important in IB Chemistry bonding and complex ions.

Learn what a fuel cell is, how it converts chemical energy into electricity, and why fuel cells are important in IB Chemistry.

Learn what structural isomers are, how they differ, and how IB Chemistry classifies chain, position, and functional group isomers.

Learn what reforming is, why hydrocarbons are rearranged, and how this process improves fuel quality in IB Chemistry.