A case study should never replace analysis.

Using Case Studies in Exams

In exams, students may be given a short stimulus or asked to refer to a digital context. Sometimes students may bring in their own examples, but this should be done carefully.

Strong exam case study use:

• Is brief and relevant
• Directly links to the question
• Supports conceptual analysis

If an example does not clearly support the argument, it is better to omit it.

Using Case Studies in the Internal Assessment

In the IA, the entire investigation is effectively a case study of one digital system. This makes focus especially important.

In the IA, case studies should:

• Be clearly defined
• Be analysed, not described
• Be used consistently throughout

Introducing multiple case studies in the IA often weakens depth.

Choosing Appropriate Case Studies

Good case studies are those that:

• Involve a clear digital system
• Have identifiable impacts on people or communities
• Raise ethical or social questions

Overly technical or abstract examples are harder to analyse effectively.

Linking Case Studies to Concepts

Case studies are most effective when clearly linked to IB Digital Society concepts.

For example:

• Power: Who controls the system in the case study?
• Ethics: What ethical tension does it raise?
• Change: How does it alter behaviour or structures?

Without concept linkage, case studies become descriptive.

Avoiding Over-Description

One of the biggest risks when using case studies is spending too much time explaining background details.

Students should avoid:

• Long histories of platforms
• Technical explanations
• Repeating known information

Examiners already understand digital contexts. Focus on analysis instead.

Case Studies and Ethical Evaluation

Case studies are particularly useful for ethical evaluation, but only when used thoughtfully.

Effective ethical use:

• Shows real impacts or risks
• Demonstrates responsibility or lack of accountability
• Supports a balanced judgment

Ethical claims without example-based support are weak.

Adapting Case Studies Flexibly

A key skill in Digital Society is adaptability. Students should be able to use the same case study in different ways depending on the question.

For example, one system could be analysed through:

• Power in one question
• Ethics in another
• Community impact in a third

This flexibility is more valuable than knowing many examples.

Common Case Study Mistakes

Students often weaken responses by:

• Memorising examples
• Forcing irrelevant case studies
• Using examples instead of analysis
• Including too many examples

Fewer, well-used examples are always stronger.

How Examiners View Case Studies

Examiners look for:

• Relevance to the question
• Clear link to concepts
• Support for analysis and evaluation

They do not award marks for naming platforms or events alone.

Practical Strategy for Case Study Use

A useful strategy is:

1. Make an analytical point
2. Introduce a brief case study reference
3. Explain how it supports the point
4. Link back to the question

This keeps case studies purposeful.

Why Case Studies Are Still Important

Although memorisation is discouraged, case studies still matter because they:

• Ground analysis in reality
• Support ethical reasoning
• Demonstrate understanding of digital systems

The key is how they are used.

Final Thoughts

Case studies in IB Digital Society are tools for thinking, not content to memorise. When used briefly and strategically, they strengthen analysis, support ethical evaluation, and demonstrate conceptual understanding. By focusing on relevance, flexibility, and explanation rather than detail, students can use case studies effectively in both exams and the internal assessment — and avoid one of the most common pitfalls in the subject.

Learn how to analyse surveillance in IB Digital Society, including monitoring, power, ethics, and impacts on individuals and communities.