• A period of stability and law across Eurasia under Mongol rule that encouraged trade and communication.

Fought between the Russian Empire and the Empire of Japan over rival imperial ambitions in Manchuria and the Korean Empire.

The 1911 Revolution (also known as the Xinhai Revolution) was a series of uprisings that overthrew China's last imperial dynasty, the Qing dynasty, and led to the establishment of the Republic of China.

Line dividing North and South Korea after 1945, becoming the frontline of political tension.

One of the first African American units in the Union Army during the Civil War, celebrated for its bravery in the 1863 assault on Fort Wagner, which challenged racist doubts about Black soldiers’ courage and capability.

when a ruler gives up the throne

when a ruler gives up the throne voluntarily.

The political and moral movement dedicated to ending the slave trade and the institution of slavery itself.

Legal process by which princely states joined either India or Pakistan.

• The Act of Chapultepec was a declaration signed on March 8, 1945, at the Inter-American Conference on Problems of War and Peace in Mexico City. It was an agreement among American nations to undertake joint action to protect the territorial integrity, sovereignty, and independence of any American state from aggression, whether from within or outside the continent

A law passed in the Maryland colony guaranteeing freedom of worship to all Trinitarian Christians (those who believed in the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit). It was one of the first legal steps toward religious tolerance in British America, though it excluded non-Christians and was later repealed when Protestants took power.

• Direct and sustained action aimed at promoting or resisting social or political change.

Gradual reduction of colonial government responsibilities.

• Policies designed to increase representation of marginalized groups in education and employment.

an agreement between countries to support each other militarily or politically.

Strategic partnerships between Indigenous groups and European powers for trade, protection, or military support.

• A government pardon that allows undocumented immigrants to remain legally in the country under certain conditions.

British troops opened fire on a large crowd of unarmed Indians

The Union’s military strategy during the Civil War to blockade Southern ports and control the Mississippi River, cutting off Confederate supplies and trade to slowly “squeeze” the South into surrender.

A political philosophy that advocates for a society without hierarchies or centralized authority, especially rejecting the state and government.

• The formal addition of a territory into an empire.

• Anti-imperialism is a political stance opposing imperialism, which is the policy of extending a country's power and influence through colonization, military force, or economic domination.

An organization founded in 1898 to oppose U.S. annexation of the Philippines and the expansion of American imperialism.

Security alliance linking Australia, New Zealand and the United States.

Apartheid was a system of legally enforced racial segregation and political exclusion in South Africa (1948–1994) that denied the Black majority equal rights and participation in democracy.

• A formal agreement between warring parties to stop fighting, often to create a temporary truce while a peace treaty is negotiated.

• Conflict between Chinese authorities and British traders used to justify war.

• Constitutional article mandating free, secular, and compulsory education as a foundation of post-revolutionary nation-building.

emergency powers that allowed rule by decree

Clause in Japan’s 1947 Constitution that prohibits war and the maintenance of offensive military forces.

large-calibre guns used in warfare on land

Japanese slogan used to justify occupation and rally anti-Western sentiment in Asia.

A royal contract granted by Spain that allowed foreign merchants, especially from Portugal and Britain, to supply enslaved Africans to Spanish colonies in return for taxes and fees.

Policy expecting migrants or minorities to adopt majority culture.

• Policy encouraging indigenous peoples to adopt European culture and abandon traditional ways.

• the process of absorbing a minority group into the dominant culture, often by erasing its language and traditions.

Expectation that migrants adopt the dominant culture.

Government-supported travel to attract immigrants.

• A navigation tool used to measure latitude by observing the stars.

• Agreement between Churchill and Roosevelt promising the right of self-determination, which Indian leaders used to argue for independence.

Nationwide Viet Minh uprising that established Vietnamese independence in 1945.

Nationwide Viet Minh uprising that established Vietnamese independence in 1945.

Uprising led by the Viet Minh that established the Democratic Republic of Vietnam after Japan’s surrender.

Burmese nationalist and founder of the Burmese Independence Army, initially supported by Japan.

• Authoritarianism is a political system characterized by the consolidation of power in a single leader or small group, limited political pluralism, repression of dissent, and little to no accountability to the public.

Autocracy is a system of government by one person with absolute power.

• Freedom to govern independently without central oversight.

Ability of regions or communities to manage their own affairs.

Political party led by Sheikh Mujibur Rahman advocating autonomy and independence.

• Last significant Mughal emperor before the empire fragmented.

• Last Mughal emperor, symbolic leader of the 1857 revolt.

National language promoted during Japanese rule, reinforcing unity among diverse groups.

• “Government under the tent,” referring to Japan’s military-led government system.

“End of the bakufu” — final years of Tokugawa rule (1853–1868).

• “End of the bakufu” were the final years of Tokugawa rule (1853–1868).

Japanese-issued currency in occupied areas that rapidly lost value, contributing to postwar inflation.

Community health workers trained to provide basic medical care in rural areas.

System of trade without money, based on direct exchange.

Forced march of captured U.S. and Filipino troops under brutal Japanese conditions.

• Present-day Jakarta; center of Dutch power in the East Indies.

Decisive U.S. naval victory that marked the beginning of Japan’s decline in the Pacific.

Turning point in the Pacific War that ended Japan’s string of early victories.

• A decisive Japanese victory that symbolized the collapse of British power in Asia.

Terms for native Taiwanese and mainland Chinese migrants, reflecting ethnic and political tensions.

President Theodore Roosevelt’s foreign policy approach advocating peaceful negotiation backed by the threat of military strength—summed up by the phrase “speak softly and carry a big stick.”

Economic exchange between two specific countries.

• Cooperation and agreement between opposing political parties to achieve policy goals.

Laws passed by Southern states after the Civil War to restrict the freedom and labor rights of African Americans.

• A devastating global epidemic of bubonic plague that occurred in the mid-14th century, peaking in Europe between 1347 and 1350

• a movement advocating pride, self-determination, and independence for African Americans.

A period of violent conflict between pro-slavery and anti-slavery settlers in the Kansas Territory following the Kansas–Nebraska Act, symbolizing the growing sectional crisis before the Civil War.

Fast and coordinated attacks combining air, naval, and land forces, used effectively by Japan in 1941–1942.

Paramilitary organization loyal to Jiang Jieshi, promoting fascist-style discipline and ideological purity.

Major political party established by Ziaur Rahman.

• Protest by WWI veterans in Washington D.C. demanding early bonuses; its suppression highlighted Hoover’s political isolation.

An influential African American educator and leader who advocated for vocational education and economic self-reliance as the path to racial progress, founding the Tuskegee Institute in 1881.

• Economic cycles of rapid growth followed by decline common in mining towns.

A series of 18th-century administrative and economic reforms introduced by Spain’s Bourbon monarchs to tighten imperial control, increase tax revenue, and modernize colonial administration. These reforms angered Creoles and Indigenous peoples, fueling social unrest and later independence movements.

A violent anti-foreign uprising in China, led by a group called the "Boxers" or "Righteous and Harmonious Fists"

• A form of protest where people refuse to buy or use certain goods or services to pressure change.

• The Brezhnev Doctrine (1968) was a Soviet policy stating that the USSR had the right to intervene in any socialist country if communism was threatened.
• It was used to justify actions like the invasion of Czechoslovakia to maintain control over the Eastern Bloc and prevent reforms that could weaken Soviet influence.

A strategy to isolate guerrillas by relocating rural populations into protected New Villages.

• A foreign policy strategy in which the United States and the Soviet Union would escalate dangerous disputes to the edge of all-out war in order to force the other side to back down

The legislation passed by the British Parliament that united Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia into the Dominion of Canada, creating a federal system of government.

• Period of direct British rule in India (1858–1947).

• A treaty between Mexico and the U.S. guaranteeing property rights for American investors in exchange for diplomatic recognition of Obregón’s government.

• Remained a unifying moral and cultural force during modernization.

• First modern Indonesian nationalist organization (1908).

• Country situated between two rival powers, preventing direct conflict.

Construction project using Allied prisoners and Asian forced labor; symbol of Japan’s harsh occupation.

• Cultural ideal celebrating independence and resilience in rural life.

• Ideal of rural simplicity, hard work, and community spirit as national virtues.

• The moral code of the samurai stressing honor, loyalty, and bravery.

• “The way of the warrior,” the moral code of samurai emphasizing loyalty, honor, and courage.

• Vietnamese royalist rebellion against French rule (1885–1896).

• Restricted foreign trade to one port under strict government supervision.

• Spark of revolt due to religious insult over rifle cartridges.

• Agricultural products grown for export, such as sugar, coffee, and rubber.

A strongman or military leader who exercised personal power and often filled the vacuum left by weak national institutions.

A military or political strongman in nineteenth-century Latin America who exercised personal power and authority, often filling the vacuum left by weak or unstable governments.

A military or political strongman who seized power in newly independent states, often ruling through personal authority rather than institutions.

• Censorship in Cuba was a systematic government policy designed to eliminate dissent and control all forms of communication, including print, electronic media, arts, and academia.

Concentration of political authority in the national government.

A centrally planned economy is an economic system in which the government controls production, prices, and distribution of goods, rather than supply and demand in a free market.

• The royal house that still rules Thailand today, beginning in 1782.

• A term reclaimed by Mexican Americans in the 1960s to express cultural pride and political identity.

• Traditional hereditary leadership structures in Pacific societies.

Aztec floating gardens for year-round farming.

Wartime capital of the Nationalist government, symbolizing Chinese resistance.

• Urban merchant class in Tokugawa Japan who gained wealth but lacked political power.

• Urban merchant-artisan class in Tokugawa Japan.

• Sailing all the way around the world.

Civil disobedience is the non-violent refusal to obey unjust laws.

• The peaceful refusal to obey unjust laws as a form of protest.

Civil liberties are individual freedoms protected by law.

Civil liberties are basic freedoms protected by law.

• Competitive system selecting government officials through Confucian learning.

• Organizations and groups outside government that work to represent citizens’ interests (e.g., unions, churches, NGOs).

Situation where the military becomes more powerful than civilian institutions.

• When elected leaders, not the military, oversee the country’s defense and security institutions.

• Belief that British rule was morally justified by its “modernizing” effect.

a government formed by multiple parties

• Guild of licensed merchants controlling all foreign trade in Canton (Guangzhou).

Political rivalry between the USA and the Soviet Union after WWII

Period of ideological rivalry after 1949, shaped by Communist China’s emergence.

U.S. and Soviet rivalry that shaped the political outcomes of independence movements in Asia.

Cooperation with the occupying Japanese forces, often to advance nationalist or political goals.

• Rights held by a group rather than individuals, such as control over land and resources.

Collective security is the idea that nations work together to maintain peace by deterring or punishing aggression.

System in which states cooperate to respond to threats.

• Collective security is a system in which a group of nations commits to respond collectively to threats or acts of aggression against any member state.

A business and social philosophy where the emphasis is on the collective (the company or work group) over the individual

• The establishment of political control by one country over another, often for economic gain.

• Korean and other Asian women forced into sexual slavery by the Japanese military during World War II.

• Qing official who led anti-opium efforts; symbol of Chinese moral resistance.

• U.S. naval officer whose arrival forced Japan to open to the West.

• British plan granting separate electorates to minority groups, which Gandhi opposed through a fast unto death.

• Electoral system granting separate voting rights to religious groups, institutionalizing division.

• Hostility or conflict between different religious or ethnic communities, often leading to riots.

• Political mobilization based on religious or ethnic identity, often causing division.

• Political division based on religion.

Political system where the state controls the economy and promotes equality.

• Alliance of semi-independent Maratha states

Alliance of groups for mutual defense or governance (e.g., Iroquois).

• Scholar-officials who emphasized moral order and agriculture over trade.

Jiang’s attempt to restore moral discipline and loyalty through state-led ideology.

• a Chinese belief system based on moral order, loyalty, and respect for hierarchy.

• Compulsory enlistment of citizens for military service.

• Compulsory military service.

• A set of fundamental principles or established precedents that form the supreme law of the land, determining how a state or organization is run.

• a set of principles that defines how a country is governed.

• a government in which a monarch’s powers are limited by a constitution and shared with elected officials.

US policy aiming to stop the spread of communism.

• The U.S. strategy to prevent the expansion of communism through diplomacy, military aid, or direct intervention.

U.S. Foreign Policy in the Hemisphere

1. Truman Doctrine (1947)
   1. The U.S. pledged to support nations resisting communism; extended its logic to Latin America.
2. Interventions
   1. Guatemala (1954) and Chile (1973) are examples where the U.S. backed coups to remove left-wing governments.
3. Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)
   1. The closest the world came to nuclear war, confirming U.S. dominance in the region.

Revolution and Social Change

• Cuban Revolution (1959): Fidel Castro overthrew Batista, aligning with the USSR and inspiring revolutionary movements across Latin America.
• U.S. responded with economic isolation (trade embargo) and failed invasion attempts (Bay of Pigs, 1961).
• The revolution became a model for socialist reform and anti-U.S. sentiment across the region.

Cold War in Latin America

1. U.S. promoted anti-communist regimes through military aid and training programs (e.g., the School of the Americas).
2. In Brazil, Argentina, and Chile, military dictatorships emerged claiming to defend democracy while suppressing opposition.
3. Cuba and Nicaragua (1979) demonstrated how revolutionary ideals could challenge U.S. influence in the hemisphere.

Canada and the Cold War

• Canada supported U.S. containment but maintained independent diplomacy, joining NATO (1949) and NORAD (1957) for collective defense.
• The country balanced anti-communist policies with peacekeeping efforts and support for the United Nations.

Impact and Legacy

• The Cold War deepened inequality and political repression in Latin America as authoritarian regimes used anti-communism to justify control.
• It strengthened U.S. dominance but damaged its moral authority due to support for dictatorships and covert operations.
• Cultural and social movements in the 1970s (human rights, liberation theology, student protests) grew in reaction to both U.S. power and local oppression.
• The end of the Cold War era in the Americas saw gradual democratization but lasting suspicion toward U.S. interventionism.

• The strategy of stopping communist expansion through alliances, aid, and limited military action.

• The U.S. strategy to prevent the expansion of communism through diplomacy, military aid, or direct intervention.

U.S. Foreign Policy in the Hemisphere

1. Truman Doctrine (1947)
   1. The U.S. pledged to support nations resisting communism; extended its logic to Latin America.
2. Interventions
   1. Guatemala (1954) and Chile (1973) are examples where the U.S. backed coups to remove left-wing governments.
3. Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)
   1. The closest the world came to nuclear war, confirming U.S. dominance in the region.

Revolution and Social Change

• Cuban Revolution (1959): Fidel Castro overthrew Batista, aligning with the USSR and inspiring revolutionary movements across Latin America.
• U.S. responded with economic isolation (trade embargo) and failed invasion attempts (Bay of Pigs, 1961).
• The revolution became a model for socialist reform and anti-U.S. sentiment across the region.

Cold War in Latin America

1. U.S. promoted anti-communist regimes through military aid and training programs (e.g., the School of the Americas).
2. In Brazil, Argentina, and Chile, military dictatorships emerged claiming to defend democracy while suppressing opposition.
3. Cuba and Nicaragua (1979) demonstrated how revolutionary ideals could challenge U.S. influence in the hemisphere.

Canada and the Cold War

• Canada supported U.S. containment but maintained independent diplomacy, joining NATO (1949) and NORAD (1957) for collective defense.
• The country balanced anti-communist policies with peacekeeping efforts and support for the United Nations.

Impact and Legacy

• The Cold War deepened inequality and political repression in Latin America as authoritarian regimes used anti-communism to justify control.
• It strengthened U.S. dominance but damaged its moral authority due to support for dictatorships and covert operations.
• Cultural and social movements in the 1970s (human rights, liberation theology, student protests) grew in reaction to both U.S. power and local oppression.
• The end of the Cold War era in the Americas saw gradual democratization but lasting suspicion toward U.S. interventionism.

Groups of peasants pooling land and tools under collective management.

• Open to and influenced by many different cultures or ideas.

• actions taken by governments to prevent or respond to terrorist attacks.

• A social movement that rejects and opposes dominant cultural norms and values.

• a sudden seizure of power by a small group, often from within the government.

• A coup d'état is the sudden, illegal, and often violent seizure of power from a government by a small group of people, typically the military or other political elites.

The belief that society had a collective contract with God to uphold righteousness or risk divine punishment.

American-born descendants of Europeans who sought political and economic independence but often resisted radical social change.

American-born descendants of Europeans who sought greater political and economic power but were excluded from top positions under colonial rule.

British proposal offering India post-war Dominion status, rejected by both Congress and the Muslim League.

Preservation of traditions across generations.

Spread of cultural practices and ideas across borders.

Unequal treatment of groups based on language, ethnicity or heritage.

Rapid growth in artistic and creative activity

• Movement expressing pride in local culture, distinct from colonial Britain.

Cultural pluralism is the coexistence of diverse cultures.

Efforts to protect and promote traditional practices.

• The Cultural Revolution (1966–1976) was a campaign launched by Mao Zedong to enforce communist ideology by removing perceived counter-revolutionaries and challenging traditional authority in China.
• It caused widespread social upheaval, with students and youth groups (Red Guards) attacking intellectuals, destroying cultural heritage, and disrupting education and industry.

Political movement to preserve communist ideology by removing perceived enemies of Mao’s leadership.

• System forcing farmers to produce export crops for the Dutch government.

• Regional lords who ruled local areas and commanded their own samurai armies.

• Regions under Muslim rule where Islamic culture and law prevailed.

• Armed groups, often linked to governments, that carried out extrajudicial killings to suppress opposition.

• Dutch idea that the Netherlands owed social development to the Indonesians after years of exploitation.

A system binding rural workers to landowners through perpetual debt, effectively trapping them in servitude.

The process by which colonies gained independence from European powers after 1945.

The process by which Japan’s occupation accelerated nationalist independence movements in Asia.

• The amount by which government spending exceeds its income in a given year.

• Decline of India’s traditional industries under colonial economic policies.

State proclaimed by Ho Chi Minh in 1945 after Japan’s surrender.

Democratization in South Africa refers to the transition from apartheid to a system of universal suffrage and constitutional democracy achieved through negotiation and reform between 1990 and 1994.

• The process of moving from an authoritarian regime to a democratic political system.

Significant change in population patterns or structure.

Shift in birth and death rates as societies develop.

• Descamisados, or "shirtless ones" in Spanish, were the impoverished and working-class supporters of Argentine president Juan Perón during the mid-20th century.

• Détente was a period during the Cold War in the 1970s when the USA and USSR sought to reduce tensions and improve relations through diplomacy, arms control, and trade agreements.
• It included initiatives such as the SALT treaties, increased cultural exchanges, and efforts to avoid direct military confrontation between the superpowers.

• The easing of strained relations between nations through negotiation and diplomacy.

• Using the threat of strong retaliation to discourage an enemy from taking aggressive actions.

A dictatorship is a form of government where a single person or a small group holds absolute power, with no constitutional limitations or effective political opposition.

• Japan’s bicameral legislature, consisting of the House of Representatives and the House of Peers.

• A moral-philosophical code introduced by Akbar to promote harmony across religions.

managing relations between countries

• The denial or limitation of the right to vote, often through discriminatory laws or intimidation.

Expansion into new markets to reduce economic dependence.

• The belief that Japan was under the spiritual safeguard of the gods, strengthened by the kamikaze storms.

Heavily fortified buffer zone established by the armistice.

• Policy allowing the British to annex states without male heirs.

U.S. economic policy that introduced austerity and balanced budgets, laying the foundation for Japan’s postwar recovery.

A U.S. foreign policy strategy promoting economic investment abroad to achieve political influence and stability.

A U.S. foreign policy under President William Howard Taft that encouraged economic investment in Latin America and Asia to expand influence and prevent European involvement.

• A focus on home and family life, often associated with traditional gender roles.

• Semi-independent colony within the British Empire (e.g., Australia 1901, New Zealand 1907).

Semi-independent status within the British Commonwealth.

US belief that the fall of one country to communism would trigger others to follow.

a peasant uprising in Korea that triggered foreign intervention and war.

• Economic idea that India’s wealth was being “drained” by British exploitation.

• Aboriginal spiritual belief system explaining creation and connection to land.

A U.S. Supreme Court ruling that declared African Americans were not citizens and that Congress had no authority to ban slavery in the territories, intensifying sectional conflict before the Civil War.

• Part of the 14th Amendment that protects individuals from unjust or arbitrary denial of life, liberty, or property by the government.

• A system dividing provincial subjects between elected Indian ministers and appointed British officials.

• The gradual weakening of a ruling dynasty due to corruption and unrest.

• British corporation that acted as both a trading company and a governing authority in India.

An economic crisis is a period of severe economic collapse

• During World War II, economic mobilization led to the rapid conversion of factories to produce military goods, significantly increasing wartime production

A policy emphasizing domestic production and reduced dependence on foreign trade, especially during global disruptions.

• Australia’s first Prime Minister and key figure in drafting the Constitution.

• Tokugawa capital; political and cultural heart of Japan.

Fair access to quality schooling across populations.

Trade bloc that limited market access for non-European producers.

• Manchu military divisions that organized soldiers and families into hereditary units.

CCP military force operating in northern China under nominal GMD command during the United Front.

Traditional communal land used by Indigenous and peasant communities, dismantled under Díaz’s privatization policies.

Lincoln’s executive order freeing enslaved people in Confederate states, shifting the war’s moral purpose.

A government order restricting trade, used by the United States to limit Japan’s access to oil and war materials.

Emergency is the suspension of democratic rights under constitutional powers

Spanish labor grant system that gave colonists control over Indigenous labor and land.

• Damage to ecosystems caused by human activity, such as mining.

Legal requirement that women and men receive the same wages for equivalent work.

• Vargas’s authoritarian regime emphasizing nationalism, state-led industrialization, and social control through corporatist labor policies.

Agreement making Korea a Japanese protectorate before full annexation.

• Western-trained Chinese force led by foreign officers like Charles Gordon.

• Law authorizing the removal of Japanese Americans from military zones.

• U.S. policy of acquiring territories abroad for economic and strategic purposes.

Economic system reliant on selling goods to foreign markets.

• An economy reliant on a single export product, leaving it vulnerable to global market fluctuations.

Economies that rely heavily on selling raw materials or agricultural goods to foreign markets, making them vulnerable to fluctuations in global demand and prices.

Development model focused on producing goods for international markets.

• Foreign citizens exempt from local laws.

Political views that reject compromise and support radical change

Advocacy of radical ideas that justify violence for political aims.

New national currency introduced to stabilize China’s economy during the Nanjing Decade.

conflict between groups within the same organization or movement.

Rival groups within the Party competing for power.

The division of a political movement, party, or government into competing groups or factions, each pursuing its own interests or ideology.

Japan’s capture of Britain’s main base in Asia, symbolizing the decline of European dominance.

Uprising against GMD misrule, brutally suppressed and marking the start of large-scale repression.

• Government action to enforce laws or protect rights when states refuse to comply.

• A system that divides power between national and state governments.

A political system that divides power between a central government and regional or state authorities.

• a system where land is controlled by lords in exchange for loyalty or service.

A system where land was exchanged for loyalty and military service.

Tactical alliance between the GMD and CCP to unify China against warlords.

• Economic programs aimed at industrial and agricultural development through state-led planning.

• Government-led economic programs to boost industrial and agricultural growth.

• The Flexible Response policy, introduced by President John F. Kennedy, aimed to give the United States a range of military options, from conventional forces to nuclear weapons, to respond to communist threats.
• It was designed to avoid automatic nuclear escalation, allowing the US to tailor its response to the severity of a conflict while maintaining deterrence.

System used by Japan to exploit local populations for military construction and production needs.

President Wilson’s blueprint for a just and lasting peace emphasizing national self-determination, disarmament, and open diplomacy.

Underground resistance group supported by the Allies to oppose Japanese influence.

• Trade between countries without tariffs or restrictions, intended to increase economic growth.

• British ideology that markets should be open and unrestricted by governments.

• Trade between countries without tariffs or restrictions, intended to increase economic growth.

Freedom of expression in South Africa is the constitutional right, established after 1994, that allows individuals and the media to speak, publish, and protest without censorship, subject to limited legal restrictions.

Freedom of the press is the right to publish without government control.

A law requiring that escaped enslaved people be returned to their enslavers, even if found in free states, and penalizing anyone who aided their escape.

• Trans-Pacific trade route between Manila and Mexico.

Radical political faction that dominated cultural and propaganda work during the Cultural Revolution.

Gender equality in South Africa refers to the constitutional commitment after 1994 to ensure equal rights, legal protection, and political participation for women, though social and economic inequalities have persisted.

An Argentine caudillo and political leader who overthrew dictator Juan Manuel de Rosas in 1852 and promoted a federal constitution to unify Argentina under shared provincial and national authority.

• Civil war that overthrew the Kamakura Shogunate and brought the Ashikaga to power.

• Civil war that overthrew the Kamakura Shogunate and brought the Ashikaga to power.

• Elder statesmen and former Meiji leaders who advised the emperor and retained real political influence.

• Influence of geography and international rivalry on a state’s survival.

• Foreign policy driven by geography and power balance.

• Policy of openness that encouraged free discussion and criticism of government actions.

Growing economic and technological interconnectedness among nations.

• Mass migration following discovery of gold (e.g., Victoria 1851, Otago 1861).

• A monetary system tying national currencies to gold reserves; restricted economic flexibility during the Depression.

• The Good Neighbor Policy was a foreign policy initiative of President Franklin D. Roosevelt (1933-1945) aimed at improving relations between the United States and Latin American countries.

• Law transferring control from the East India Company to the British Crown.

• The top Spanish colonial official in the Philippines.

• The top Spanish colonial official in the Philippines.

• A movement driven by ordinary people rather than political leaders, often beginning at a local level.

A series of Protestant religious revivals in the American colonies that emphasized emotional preaching, personal faith, and spiritual equality. It challenged traditional church authority, encouraged individual interpretation of scripture, and helped foster a shared American identity before the Revolution.

A worldwide economic collapse that began with the U.S. stock market crash, leading to mass unemployment, bank failures, and a severe decline in global trade throughout the 1930s.

Campaign aimed at rapid modernization that instead caused severe famine and economic failure.

The mass movement of African Americans from the rural South to northern industrial cities seeking jobs and escaping racial violence.

The mass movement of African Americans from the rural South to northern and midwestern U.S. cities in search of better jobs, education, and freedom from racial discrimination.

• Japan’s imperial vision of economic and political unity in Asia under its leadership, often used to justify conquest.

Paper money issued by the U.S. government during the Civil War to finance the war effort, not backed by gold or silver but by federal credit.

• A U.S. military prison in Cuba used to detain suspected terrorists without trial.

Irregular warfare conducted by small groups against Japanese forces during the occupation.

Armed struggle by local fighters against Japanese occupation during World War II.

Strategy using mobility, ambush and knowledge of terrain against stronger forces.

Strategy of irregular combat and mobility, central to Mao’s revolutionary tactics.

• Small-group fighting against a larger army.

• Irregular fighting by small, mobile groups using surprise tactics against larger traditional forces.

Sukarno’s political system that centralized authority and limited party competition.

• Use of naval power to enforce foreign demands.

• Use of military pressure to achieve diplomatic or trade concessions.

• Term describing empires like the Mughals, Ottomans, and Safavids that relied on firearms to expand power.

• Chinese “sea ban” policies limiting foreign trade after the end of Zheng He’s voyages.

• Chinese “sea ban” policies limiting foreign trade after the end of Zheng He’s voyages.

• The majority ethnic group in China, often resentful of Manchu domination.

• Leadership or dominance of one country over others, often seen in U.S.–Latin American relations.

The dominance of one nation over the political and economic affairs of the Americas. (In this case, the US)

• Hemispheric solidarity is the concept of unity and collective action among the nations of the Western Hemisphere

• Infamous corrupt official during Qianlong’s reign.

Japanese Army general and prime minister who led Japan into war with the United States and oversaw much of the Pacific conflict.

Maya writing system for recording religion and history.

Large farming collective where peasants shared labor, harvests and tools.

• The bombing was the first use of a nuclear weapon in warfare and led to tens of thousands of deaths, the near-total destruction of the city, and Japan's eventual surrender.

• Japanese cities destroyed by atomic bombs dropped by the United States, leading to Japan’s surrender.

Network of supply routes used by North Vietnam through Laos and Cambodia.

• Leader of the rebellion; claimed divine inspiration to overthrow the Qing.

Policy allowing rural families to control land use and production in exchange for meeting state quotas.

Reformist leader whose death sparked the Tiananmen protests

Decisive battle in central China that destroyed the GMD’s main field army.

Aztec sun and war god requiring human sacrifice.

Skills and education that increase workers’ economic value.

• The use of military or diplomatic action to prevent or stop human rights abuses in another country.

A belief in promoting human welfare and dignity; during the eighteenth century, it became a guiding principle for reformers opposing cruelty and injustice.

Mixing of local cultural forms with global influences.

extremely rapid loss of a currency’s value

• Educated Filipino elite class advocating political and social reform.

The process by which a legislative body formally charges a government official with misconduct; Johnson was the first U.S. president impeached.

• The process of charging a government official with misconduct in office.

• A state-funded navy built to project power and conduct diplomacy across the seas.

• Belief in spreading Western civilization and control for “progress.”

• Emotional and political attachment to the British Empire.

The weakening of Britain’s global power due to economic exhaustion after World War II.

the policy of expanding a nation’s power through colonization or military force.

• Economic strategy promoting domestic industry to replace foreign imports, reducing dependence on global markets

he British naval practice of forcibly recruiting sailors, often including American citizens, into service, a major cause of tension leading to the War of 1812.

Surprise amphibious assault that reversed early UN losses.

• a payment made by a defeated country to cover the costs of war.

• Contracted workers brought from other regions for fixed periods, often under poor conditions.

• New educated class emerging under British rule, central to early nationalism.

• Political organization founded in 1885 to promote Indian representation.

• Major revolt against British rule sparked by military and social grievances.

• Recognition of Indigenous culture as integral to national identity

A political and cultural movement in early twentieth-century Latin America that celebrated Indigenous heritage and called for greater recognition and inclusion of Indigenous peoples in national identity and policy.

• Governing through traditional leaders under imperial supervision.

Agreement to create a framework for Tamil autonomy and reduce conflict.

• Period of rapid industrialization in Europe driving global resource demand.

The transformation of European economies in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries through mechanization and industrial production, partially financed by profits from slavery and colonial trade.

• the process of developing factories, technology, and large-scale production.

General increase in prices and fall in purchasing power.

• Railways, ports, and public works built primarily to serve colonial trade.

Large-scale public works such as dams, roads or power systems.

The fundamental physical and organizational structures, such as transportation, communication, and energy systems, needed for a society’s economy to function effectively.

• Basic facilities like roads, railways, and ports built with mining profits.

Organized group engaged in armed rebellion against a state.

• Confinement of civilians during wartime due to nationality or ethnicity.

• Exchange of goods and ideas across different regions or continents.

• The interconnected nature of social categories such as race, class, and gender, creating overlapping systems of discrimination.

Government involvement in directing or managing the economy.

• Pakistani intelligence agency coordinating support for the mujahedeen.

Policies promoting Islamic legal codes and social norms implemented by Zia.

French explorer who began France’s claims in North America.

• Agricultural community in north India known for frequent uprisings.

The President of the Confederate States of America (1861–1865), who led the South during the Civil War and symbolized the defense of states’ rights and slavery.

• Religious missions led by the Society of Jesus to convert indigenous peoples.

Communist-controlled region established in southeastern China (1931–1934) as a laboratory for Maoist governance.

• Qianlong’s successor, who suppressed the rebellion and executed Heshen.

State and local laws enacted in the U.S. South after Reconstruction that enforced racial segregation and disenfranchised African Americans until the mid-20th century.

• A tax on non-Muslims under Islamic law, abolished by Akbar.

• The first written legal code of the samurai government, issued in 1232 under the Kamakura Shogunate.

A business organization in which investors pooled money to fund colonial ventures in exchange for shared profits. This model reduced individual risk and allowed colonies like Jamestown (1607) to be established without direct royal funding.

North Korean ideology emphasizing self-reliance and loyalty to Kim Il Sung.

The power of the Supreme Court to declare laws unconstitutional, used here to strike down the Missouri Compromise.

• Justicialismo, also known as Peronism, is characterized by its "three flags": social justice, economic independence, and political sovereignty. The doctrine emphasizes nationalism, the empowerment of the working class, and state intervention in the economy.

Marxist revolutionary movement behind the 1971 uprising.

• Popular Japanese theatre form combining dance, drama, and music.

• Popular theater form combining drama, dance, and music.

• “Divine wind”; the typhoons that destroyed the Mongol fleets, believed to have been sent by the gods to protect Japan.

• Coerced recruitment of Pacific Islanders for plantation work.

A law allowing settlers in the Kansas and Nebraska territories to decide for themselves whether to allow slavery through popular sovereignty, effectively repealing the Missouri Compromise and igniting violent conflict known as “Bleeding Kansas.”

• Secret revolutionary society aiming to overthrow Spanish rule.

Māori term meaning governance interpreted by Britain as full sovereignty.

• Māori term meaning governance interpreted by Britain as full sovereignty.

• More liberal party advocating social reform, education, and international cooperation.

• The belief that active government spending can boost economic activity and reduce unemployment.

• A regional kingdom ruled by a Mongol khan or his descendants that stayed loyal to the main empire.

• Last Burmese royal dynasty (1752–1885).

• Surge in Japan’s production and exports (1950–1953) due to U.S. military procurement during the Korean War.

• Mongol emperor of the Yuan Dynasty who attempted to invade Japan.

• Japanese military force stationed in Manchuria that initiated the 1931 invasion, defying civilian authority.

Government strategy encouraging citizens to work overseas.

Movement of workers seeking employment across borders.

• Official Muslim League resolution demanding the creation of “independent states” for Muslims in north-western and eastern India.

Loss of Indigenous land through legal, political or economic pressure.

• Loss of indigenous land to settlers through confiscation or sale.

Policy that transferred land from landlords to peasants in order to eliminate inequality and strengthen Communist support.

• Local conflicts between squatters and smallholders over territory and resources.

System of agricultural exploitation in which wealthy landowners controlled rural production and extracted rent from peasants.

The postwar international organization created to maintain peace and collective security; Brazil was an active early member before withdrawing in 1926.

Legitimacy is public acceptance of authority

The public’s acceptance of a leader’s authority, often earned through wartime experience or moral leadership.

A land law that privatized communal lands, facilitating elite and foreign control over vast rural areas and worsening inequality.

• Economic reform that allowed private companies to invest in the Indies.

A leader or thinker who advocates for gradual political and social change based on Enlightenment and liberal principles.

Belief in freedom, rights, and limited government

Liberalism is a political ideology that emphasizes individual freedom, equality before the law, and protection of civil rights.

• A Catholic movement emphasizing social justice and the defense of the poor, blending religion and activism.

• Liberation Theology is a Christian movement that emerged in Latin America in the late 1960s, interpreting religious faith through the struggles of the poor and oppressed

Agreement recognizing the Republic of Indonesia’s authority over Java, Sumatra, and Madura.

Loyalty and identity based on language rather than religion or territory.

Loyalty based on language identity, as seen in the Bengali Language Movement.

Collection of Mao’s quotations used during the Cultural Revolution to promote ideological unity.

Ceasefire boundary dividing Indian- and Pakistani-controlled Kashmir after 1949.

Ceasefire boundary dividing Indian- and Pakistani-controlled Kashmir after 1949.

• Military leader who overthrew Sihanouk in 1970, leading an unstable pro-American government.

• Strategic retreat of the CCP forces from Jiangxi to Shaanxi, symbolizing Communist resilience and discipline.

LTTE (Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam)

• League of Nations investigation that concluded Japan had acted aggressively and should withdraw from Manchuria.

• British attempt to expand trade; Qianlong’s rejection symbolized China’s complacency.

• Policy introducing English-language education.

Political dominance by the ethnic majority at the expense of minorities.

Rule that favors one dominant group at the expense of others.

Military branch of the MCP leading guerrilla warfare during the Emergency.

• Japanese-controlled puppet state established in Manchuria in 1932, ruled nominally by the last Qing emperor, Puyi.

• Puppet state established by Japan in Manchuria in 1932, claiming to promote “Asian independence” from Western imperialism.

• a region in northeastern China rich in resources, contested by Japan and Russia.

• Final royal capital of independent Burma, founded by King Mindon.

• Traditional Chinese belief that Heaven grants the right to rule based on virtue.

19th-century U.S. belief that it was destined to expand its influence across North America, often used to justify interventions in Latin America.

• Administrative and military ranking system defining officers’ pay and responsibilities.

• Factories in Mexico, often near the U.S. border, that assemble imported materials for export.

• Nationwide Korean protest against Japanese colonial rule, brutally suppressed by the Japanese army.

• A minor clash near Beijing that escalated into a full-scale invasion of China.

Marginalized voices in South Africa refers to groups historically excluded from political, economic, and cultural power under apartheid, including Black South Africans, women, and the poor, whose participation expanded after democratization.

• Coordinated industrial strike by dockworkers and seamen across Australian colonies.

Settlements formed by escaped enslaved Africans in the Americas and Caribbean. These communities, such as Palmares (Brazil) and the Maroons of Jamaica, resisted colonial authority and preserved African cultural traditions, often negotiating treaties to secure autonomy.

Settlements of escaped enslaved Africans who lived independently in remote areas, preserving African traditions and resisting re-enslavement.

Legislation guaranteeing women legal rights in marriage and banning traditional practices.

Failed U.S. diplomatic effort to broker peace between the CCP and GMD.

• The Marshall Plan (1947) was a US programme that provided economic aid to help rebuild war-torn European countries after World War II.
• It aimed to strengthen capitalism, promote political stability, and reduce the appeal of communism in Western Europe.

Temporary military control of government due to crisis.

Military rule that suspends normal civil liberties, imposed in Taiwan from 1949 to 1987.

• Nickname reflecting the city’s rapid prosperity in the 1880s.

Communist ideology emphasizing class struggle and revolution; Mao later adapted it to focus on peasants rather than industrial workers.

Communist ideology combining class struggle with centralized revolutionary leadership.

• The promise to respond to any act of aggression with overwhelming nuclear force.

Student-led protests against imperialism and traditional culture that promoted nationalism and reform.

• The practice of accusing individuals of disloyalty or subversion without solid evidence, creating an atmosphere of fear.

• Political revolution in Japan (1868) that restored imperial power and modernization.

An economic theory that emphasized accumulating wealth through colonies and trade monopolies. Colonies provided raw materials and markets for European manufactured goods.

An economic system where colonies supplied raw materials to enrich the mother country and were restricted from independent trade.

An economic policy dominant from the 16th to 18th centuries that viewed colonies as existing solely to enrich the mother country. Colonies supplied raw materials and served as exclusive markets for European goods. This policy aimed to ensure a favorable balance of trade and build national wealth and power, often at the expense of colonial freedom.

System in which advancement is based on ability and performance.

• A person of mixed European and indigenous ancestry in the Spanish colonies.

A 1920s artistic movement led by painters like Diego Rivera, José Clemente Orozco, and David Alfaro Siqueiros that used large public murals to promote social justice, national identity, and post-revolutionary ideals.

Social group between the rich and the working class

• The traditional Chinese belief that their civilization was the center of the world.

• Use of armed force to pursue political or ideological goals.

• The belief that the military should dominate politics and national policy, often justified by claims of national destiny.

The societal emphasis on military strength and values, either in the form of technical/military, or social/historical.

System of direct rule by the Japanese army in occupied territories, emphasizing control and resource extraction.

• Legal document granting mining rights and the vote to miners.

• Indian general who supported the British in exchange for becoming Nawab.

• Person sent to promote Christianity and Western education.

• a person sent to spread a religion, often Christianity.

An agreement admitting Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state while banning slavery north of latitude 36°30′ in the Louisiana Territory to maintain the balance between free and slave states.

A colonial labor draft based on an Inca practice of rotational communal work. Under Spanish rule, it became a coercive system forcing Indigenous men to work in mines like Potosí, often under brutal and deadly conditions.

Government body coordinating Japan’s industrial strategy and technology transfer.

• Prominent merchant house that evolved into a major banking and industrial firm.

• Early INC leaders who believed in reform through peaceful constitutional means.

• Modern Republicanism is the moderate, centrist political philosophy championed by President Dwight D. Eisenhower during the 1950s. It sought a middle path between the New Deal liberalism of the Democratic Party and the traditional conservatism of the Republican Party's Old Guard.

• The process of updating technology, industry, and infrastructure to meet new economic and social needs.

The process of industrial, technological, and social transformation that enables nations to expand economic and political power.

Process of adopting new technologies and social reforms to improve national capacity.

The process by which societies adopt new technologies, industries, and social structures to achieve economic growth and align with contemporary global standards of development.

The process by which societies adopt new technologies, industries, and social structures to achieve economic growth and align with contemporary global standards of development.

• The belief that economic development and education would naturally lead to democracy and social stability.

• to adopt new systems, technologies, or ideas to improve a nation’s strength and efficiency.

• Traditional Buddhist schooling replaced under colonial rule.

A U.S. policy (1823) declaring the Western Hemisphere off-limits to further European colonization or interference.

The final British plan to divide India into two independent dominions, India and Pakistan.

Wartime anti-Japanese guerrilla force that became the foundation of the MCP’s armed wing.

Islamic fighters who resisted Soviet forces in Afghanistan.

National identity shaped by coexistence of diverse cultural groups.

• A policy encouraging respect and inclusion of diverse cultural backgrounds within a single nation.

• A policy of working together among multiple countries to solve international problems collectively.

A cultural movement using public art to promote national unity, social justice, and pride in Mexico’s Indigenous and revolutionary heritage.

These treaties of 1950 established alliances, provided for military cooperation, or created mechanisms for exchanging information and aid between signatory countries during the early Cold War period.

• Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD) was a Cold War doctrine in which both the USA and USSR maintained large nuclear arsenals capable of completely destroying each other if either launched an attack.
• The threat of total annihilation acted as a deterrent, preventing either side from initiating a nuclear war.

• Political party formed in 1907 advocating independence through peaceful means.

• Persian ruler who invaded India in 1739, marking the symbolic collapse of Mughal prestige.

• The only Japanese port open to limited foreign trade during the isolation period.

• A long pole weapon with a curved blade used by samurai women and monks.

• Capital of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom; site of its final defeat.

Mass killing and assault of Chinese civilians by Japanese forces, symbolizing wartime atrocities.

• Meetings of colonial delegates to draft a federal constitution.

• Awareness of belonging to a shared nation with common interests.

Coalition of anti-Diem forces commonly called the Viet Cong.

Wartime legislation conscripting labor and resources across the Japanese empire.

An economic and nation-building strategy in late 19th- and early 20th-century Canada promoting western settlement, high protective tariffs, and railway expansion to unify and industrialize the country.

• Belief in collective national identity and the right to self-determination.

• Growing belief in the need to reform or replace foreign (Manchu) rule.

• Belief in collective national identity and the right to self-determination.

• The belief that a people sharing common history, culture, or identity should govern themselves.

A political ideology emphasizing loyalty and devotion to one’s nation, often seeking self-determination, unity, and independence from foreign control.

• When a government takes control of private industries or property, usually to strengthen national sovereignty.

Government takeover of private industries, expanding state control.

The Enlightenment concept that all humans are born with inherent rights to life, liberty, and property (or happiness).

The Enlightenment concept that all humans are born with inherent rights to life, liberty, and property (or happiness).

Basic rights belonging to all humans from birth (life, liberty, and property) which governments are meant to protect.

The indirect control or influence exerted by powerful nations over weaker ones through economic, political, or cultural pressures rather than formal colonization.

• An economic philosophy favoring free markets, privatization, and minimal government intervention in the economy.

• Sihanouk’s foreign policy attempt to avoid siding openly with the US or communists.

The diplomatic stance of non-involvement in war, adopted by many Latin American nations to protect trade interests and sovereignty.

Government campaign promoting Confucian moral values and social order to combat corruption and Western influence.

• Conflicts between Māori and British forces over land and sovereignty.

• Vietnamese royal house kept under nominal authority during French rule.

• The Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) is a group of countries that chose not to formally align with either the United States or the Soviet Union during the Cold War.

• A foreign policy approach that avoids formal alliance with major power blocs.

Policy resisting firm alignment with major power blocs.

Foreign policy of not joining either the US or Soviet blocs during the Cold War.

A foreign policy of neutrality during the Cold War, avoiding formal alliances with either the United States or the Soviet Union.

A foreign policy principle asserting that states should not interfere in the internal affairs or domestic politics of other nations.

Non-violence is political change without force

GMD campaign to end warlordism and unify China under central rule.

A family unit consisting of parents and their children, replacing traditional multi-generational households.

Area banning nuclear weapons or nuclear-powered vessels.

Government decision defining the language(s) used for administration and law.

• Female samurai warriors trained in combat and defense.

US program supplying funds and weapons to Afghan resistance groups.

Pakistani plan to infiltrate fighters into Kashmir in 1965.

• British illegal export of opium to China to fix trade deficit.

• Māori term for Europeans or settlers.

• An ideological movement that promotes the unity, solidarity, and cooperation of Asian peoples and nations. It emerged in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, largely in response to Western imperialism in Asia. In Japan, Pan-Asianism was used to justify imperial expansion, especially in China, Korea, and later across Southeast Asia.

19th and early 20th century nationalist movement that aimed to unite all Slavic peoples through shared cultural, political, and ethnic identity, often under the leadership of Russia.

Indonesia’s founding ideology emphasizing unity, democracy, and social justice.

The division of British India into two independent nations (India and Pakistan) in 1947.

• British administrative division that angered Indian nationalists.

• Growth of sheep and cattle farming on indigenous lands.

Policy approach treating Indigenous groups as dependent and incapable of autonomy.

Power held by male family members, especially fathers and husbands.

Government-led programs promoting hygiene and disease prevention through mass mobilization.

System where leaders maintain power through favors and personal loyalty networks.

Afghan communist party that took power in 1978 and requested Soviet assistance.

• The Peaceful Coexistence policy, promoted by Nikita Khrushchev in the 1950s, aimed for the USSR and USA to compete economically and ideologically without resorting to direct military conflict.
• It encouraged diplomatic engagement, trade, and cultural exchanges while accepting the existence of capitalist and communist systems side by side.

• On December 7, 1941, the Empire of Japan launched a surprise aerial attack on the U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii.

Youth militias who fought for independence against Dutch and Allied forces.

• Settlement used to exile prisoners from the mother country.Penal Colony

• Spanish-born elites who monopolized wealth and politics.

Communist military force that evolved from guerrilla bands into a national army.

Communist state founded after the CCP’s victory in the civil war.

• Communist state founded by Mao Zedong after the defeat of Chiang Kai-shek’s Nationalist forces.

Communist state founded in 1949 under Mao Zedong.

• Economic reform policy designed to restructure the Soviet economy by introducing market-like changes.

• Fixed land tax system that benefited landlords and impoverished peasants.

• Prime minister of the Maratha Confederacy.

Indonesian volunteer army created by Japan, later forming the core of the postwar national military.

• Early leaders of Vietnamese nationalism advocating independence and reform.

• Armed conflict (1899–1902) between Filipino revolutionaries and U.S. forces.

• Japanese and Chinese pirates who raided coasts, used as justification for maritime bans.

Prime Minister who aligned Thailand with Japan and promoted ultra-nationalism.

Madero’s call to arms against Díaz’s dictatorship, sparking the revolution and emphasizing political, not social, reform.

Madero’s call to arms against Díaz’s dictatorship, sparking the revolution and emphasizing political, not social, reform.

Carranza’s manifesto rejecting Huerta’s dictatorship and pledging to restore constitutional government under civilian rule.

• An economic system controlled by the government, which determines production and distribution of goods.

• Large-scale farming system focused on export crops and reliant on cheap labor.

An agricultural system based on large estates producing export crops using enslaved or coerced labor. Central to the wealth of European empires in the Americas.

• Battle marking the beginning of British colonial rule in India.

• A direct vote by citizens on an important public issue, such as leadership or constitutional change.

Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) was a Supreme Court case that upheld racial segregation by ruling that “separate but equal” facilities were constitutional, legally entrenching Jim Crow laws and limiting US democracy.

Coexistence of diverse religious or cultural groups within one society.

• Deep division in public opinion or politics that reduces compromise.

A situation in which rival political parties or factions are unable to agree or form a stable majority, preventing effective decision-making or legislative progress.

Policies aimed at expanding political freedoms and participation.

• Political polarization is the divergence of political attitudes toward ideological extremes. This growing divide creates an environment where cooperation and compromise are increasingly difficult, contributing to political dysfunction and societal unrest.

Australian slogan promoting immigration for national survival.

The 34-year period (1876–1911) of Porfirio Díaz’s authoritarian rule, marked by economic modernization and severe social inequality.

Large-scale immigration that expanded labor supply and transformed society.

Imprisonment without trial for security or political reasons.

• Information or media used to influence public opinion, often exaggerating or distorting facts for political purposes.

parliamentary seats awarded based on vote share

• A territory that keeps local rulers but is controlled by a foreign power in key areas like defense and trade.

• a country controlled and protected by a stronger power.

A state controlled and protected by another nation, often retaining nominal independence while losing autonomy in key areas.

• Early form of capitalist market behavior before industrialization.

• Local armies organized by gentry when imperial troops failed.

• Conflict in which superpowers support different sides instead of fighting directly.

• Aconflict in which major powers support opposing sides indirectly, often through local forces.

Facilities and programs supporting community health.

Japanese-sponsored nationalist organization aimed at mobilizing Indonesian support for the war effort.

Standardized national language promoted to improve communication and unity.

Inca record-keeping system using knotted strings.

• British imperial rule in India (1858–1947).

• Hindu warrior clans who became key Mughal allies through diplomacy and intermarriage.

• Major Burmese port city; became the colonial capital.

The re-establishment of friendly relations between two countries or groups that were formerly in conflict

Political realism or practical politics, especially policy based on power rather than on ideals.

Government-led rebuilding of society and economy after a major crisis.

• Federal agency created in 1932 to provide emergency loans to financial institutions; symbolized Hoover’s shift toward limited government intervention.

CCP campaign for ideological discipline and self-criticism under Mao’s leadership.

• Fortified palace in Delhi representing Mughal political and architectural power.

Youth groups mobilized by Mao to enforce revolutionary ideology and attack perceived enemies.

• The Red Scare refers to two distinct periods in U.S. history marked by widespread fear and anxiety over the perceived threat of communism and radical leftist ideologies.

Organized mission settlements created by religious orders (especially Jesuits) to convert and “civilize” Indigenous populations. They combined European agricultural practices with local labor systems and strict social organization, serving both spiritual and economic purposes.

• A public vote on a specific political question, such as independence or policy change.

• a person appointed to rule when the monarch is too young or unable to govern.

• Rise of powerful provincial leaders who acted independently of the emperor.

the elected German parliament

Sense of belonging shaped by shared beliefs and practices

Semi-autonomous Catholic organizations, such as the Jesuits, Franciscans, and Dominicans, that combined religious, educational, and economic roles in the colonies. They operated missions, schools, and large estates, often wielding power comparable to local governments.

Money workers send home from abroad.

payments made for war damage

Payments made for war damage

A later system that replaced encomiendas but still forced Indigenous labor under state supervision.

• Harsh punishment or revenge carried out by British forces after the revolt.

Republic is a government in which the head of state is elected, not inherited.

Nationalist government established in Taiwan after 1949, claiming legitimacy over all of China.

A declaration read by Spanish conquistadors to Indigenous peoples, demanding they accept Spanish rule and Christianity or face war and enslavement. It was often used to justify conquest and forced conversion.

• French colonial administrator in charge of local governance.

Japan’s policy of seizing colonies to secure vital raw materials for its wartime economy.

• a return to traditional or earlier systems after a period of disruption

• The Mughal comeback that paved the way for Akbar’s consolidation.

Term used by Mao to describe policies that weakened revolutionary ideology.

A movement emphasizing emotional preaching, personal religious experience, and conversion rather than formal doctrine. Revivalism was the hallmark of the Great Awakening and reshaped colonial Protestantism.

• someone who seeks to completely change the political and social system.

• Colonial system that focused Burma’s economy on rice exports.

Failed English colony known as the “Lost Colony.”

• British commander who led victory at Plassey

• Forced labor system used by Japan in occupied territories, including Indonesia.