Abstraction is the process of hiding implementation details and exposing only the essential features of an object.

Abstraction can be defined as hiding intricate details beneath a simpler, more manageable layer (or interface).

Devices that effect changes in a system based on controller signals.

The application layer provides the interface between applications and the network.

A technology that overlays digital content such as images, sounds, or data onto the real-world environment, enhancing how users perceive and interact with their surroundings.

Autonomous vehicles are complex control systems that rely on a sophisticated interplay of sensors, algorithms, and actuators.

Binary is a base-2 number system, using only two digits: 0 and 1. Each digit in a binary number is called a bit (short for binary digit).

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Buses are communication pathways that transfer data between CPU components and other parts of the computer.

Cache memory is a high-speed memory located close to the CPU, designed to store frequently accessed data and instructions.

A type of supervised learning where the goal is to predict discrete categorical outcomes.

Continuously monitor output and adjust inputs based on feedback.

Clustering is a technique used to group a set of objects so that objects in the same group (or cluster) are more similar to each other than to those in other groups.

A composite key is a primary key that consists of two or more columns.

Compression is the process of reducing the size of data files to save storage space and improve transmission efficiency.

A mathematical formula or logic that determines the system's output based on input data.

A control system is a set of devices that manage, direct, or regulate the behavior of other systems using control loops.

The instruction set is the collection of basic machine-level commands that a CPU is designed to understand and execute. such as load, store, add, compare, and jump.
It forms the CPU’s vocabulary and defines what operations it can perform.

Computers store and process data as numbers, specifically in binary. Since modern computer architecture relies on transistors which are either On (1) or Off (0)

Deadlock occurs when processes are stuck waiting for resources held by each other.

Denormalization is the process of intentionally introducing redundancy into a normalized database to improve performance.

Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) automatically assigns IP addresses and network configuration settings to devices on a network.

Embedded Multimedia Cards (eMMCs) are a type of flash storage integrated directly onto a device's motherboard.

Feature selection is the process of identifying and retaining the most informative attributes of a data set while removing those that are redundant or irrelevant.

Monitoring and evaluating the output to influence future behavior.

The basic operational process of a computer's Central Processing Unit (CPU), in which instructions are carried out:

1. Fetch: The CPU retrieves an instruction from memory.
2. Decode: The CPU interprets (decodes) the instruction to determine what action is required.
3. Execute: The CPU performs the specified action, such as a calculation, data movement, or decision-making.

This cycle repeats continuously, allowing the computer to run programs and process data.

Firewalls are security devices that monitor and control network traffic based on predetermined rules. They act as a barrier between trusted and untrusted networks.

Processes are executed in the order they arrive, with no pre-emption.

Flash drives, also known as USB drives, are portable storage devices that use NAND flash memory.

A foreign key is a column (or set of columns) in one table that references the primary key of another table.

Gateways are network devices that act as bridges between two networks using different protocols. They translate data formats and ensure seamless communication between disparate systems.

Hard Disk Drives (HDDs) are traditional storage devices that use magnetic platters and a read/write head to store and retrieve data.

Hexadecimal is a base-16 number system, using 16 digits: 0–9 and A–F (where A = 10, B = 11, ..., F = 15).

Home thermostats regulate temperature using a simple yet effective control system.

Hybrid networks combine elements from different topologies (e.g., star and mesh) to optimize performance, reliability, and scalability.

Parameters set before training that cannot be learned from data.

Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is the foundational protocol for data communication on the World Wide Web.

Inheritance is a fundamental concept in object-oriented programming (OOP) that allows a class (subclass/child) to reuse and extend the attributes and methods of another class (superclass/parent).

Data or signals fed into the system.

The internet layer handles packetization, addressing, and routing.

Interrupt Handling involves a device sending a signal to the CPU, causing it to pause its current task and execute a specific routine to address the event.

A statistical method used to model the relationship between a dependent variable (also known as the response variable) and one or more independent variables (also known as predictor variables).

A LAN connects devices over a short distance, typically within a building or campus.

Logic diagrams are visual representations of how logic gates are connected and interact within a circuit.

Logic gates are the building blocks of digital circuits. They perform Boolean operations on one or more binary inputs to produce a single binary output.

Lossless compression runs an algorithm to compress the data, the algorithm can then be reversed to restore the data. This ensures that the original data can be perfectly reconstructed from the compressed version.

Lossy compression reduces file size by discarding some data that is less noticeable or redundant, resulting in an approximation of the original content.

Memory cards are small, removable storage devices used in cameras, smartphones, and tablets.

In a mesh topology, devices ( nodes) connect directly to multiple other nodes, creating a mesh-like structure.

Modems (Modulator-Demodulators) convert digital data from a computer into analog signals for transmission over telephone lines or broadband connections.

Modularization is the process of dividing a program into independent, interchangeable modules.

A thread is a lightweight process, the smallest unit a CPU schedules.

Multi-threading allows a single core to handle multiple threads by rapidly switching between them, sharing execution resources.

Divides the ready queue into multiple queues, each with its own scheduling algorithm and priority.

Multitasking is the ability of an operating system (OS) to manage and execute multiple processes simultaneously.

Network Attached Storage (NAS) devices provide centralized storage accessible over a network.

The network interface layer deals with the physical transmission of data.

Network topology is the arrangement of devices ( nodes) and connections ( links) within a network. It can be physical (the actual layout of cables and hardware) or logical (how data flows across the network).

NICs are hardware components that enable a device to connect to a network. They convert electrical signals into digital data and vice versa.

Execute predefined operations without feedback.

An operating system (OS) is the bridge between the user, applications, and the hardware of a computer system. It abstracts the complexities of hardware, managing system resources and providing a stable environment for applications to run.

Optical drives read and write data to optical discs such as CDs, DVDs, and Blu-ray discs.

The system's response or behavior.

Packet switching is a method of transmitting data by dividing it into smaller units called packets.

A PAN is designed for personal use, typically within 10 meters.

The seamless integration of artificial intelligence into everyday objects, environments, and systems, enabling them to continuously collect data, learn, and make intelligent decisions in real-time to enhance user experiences and automate tasks.

Pipelining is a technique that allows multiple instructions to be processed simultaneously by dividing the execution process into distinct stages. While one instruction is being executed, the next can be decoded, and a third can be fetched, all simultaneously, but in different stages of the pipeline.

Polling is a technique where the CPU repeatedly checks the status of a device at regular intervals to see if it needs attention.

Polymorphism means “many forms” - the ability of objects to take on different forms depending on context.

A primary key is a unique identifier for each record in a table.

Assigns a priority to each process, with the CPU allocated to the highest-priority process.

Manipulation or transformation of input data.

Uses quantum bits (qubits) and mechanical phenomenons of superposition and entanglement to perform operations, enabling unprecedented computational power.

Random-Access Memory (RAM) is the primary workspace of a computer, storing data and instructions that the CPU actively uses.

Read-Only Memory (ROM) is a non-volatile memory that stores essential instructions for booting the computer.

Recursion is a programming technique where a function calls itself to solve a problem. It is particularly useful for problems that can be broken down into smaller, similar subproblems.

Registers are the fastest and smallest type of memory, built directly into the CPU.

Registers are small, high-speed storage locations within the CPU.

Relationships define how tables are connected in a relational database.

Resource allocation involves distributing system resources like CPU time, memory, and I/O devices among these processes.

Resource contention occurs when multiple processes try to access the same resource simultaneously.

Each process receives a fixed time slice (quantum) in a cyclic order.

Routers are devices that direct data packets between networks. They determine the optimal path for data transmission using routing protocols and routing tables.

Run-Length Encoding (RLE) is a lossless data compression technique that replaces consecutive repeating occurrences of a symbol with a single instance of the symbol followed by a count of its repetitions.

Scheduling is the process of allocating CPU time to various processes to optimize system performance.

Secondary storage is non-volatile memory used to store data permanently, even when the computer is turned off.
It holds files, applications, and the operating system for long-term use.

Devices that detect and measure physical quantities, converting them into signals

Devices that detect and measure physical quantities, converting them into signals.

A signed binary integer representation that uses the MSB to indicate 0 for + and 1 for - while the remaining place values indicate the number being represented.

Solid State Drives (SSDs) are a type of non-volatile storage that use flash memory to store data. Unlike HDDs, SSDs have no moving parts, which makes them faster, more durable, and more energy-efficient.

A star topology connects each device directly to a central device (usually a switch or hub), forming a star-like structure.

A substring is a portion of a string, obtained using an index or slicing operation.

Switches connect devices within a Local Area Network (LAN). They manage the flow of data by forwarding packets to the correct destination based on MAC addresses.

Tables are the core structure of a relational database, where data is organized into rows and columns.

Task scheduling is the process of determining the order and timing of process execution.

Devices that convert one form of energy or signal into another.

Transform coding is a lossy compression technique that converts data from the spatial or time domain into a different mathematical representation, typically using frequency-based transformations like the Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) or Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT).

Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is a connection-oriented protocol that ensures reliable and ordered delivery of data between devices on a network.

The transport layer ensures reliable communication between hosts.

Two's complement is a method for representing signed (positive, negative, and zero) binary numbers in computers. It's the most common way to represent integers in digital systems, enabling the use of the same hardware for both addition and subtraction operations.

User Datagram Protocol (UDP) is a connectionless protocol that provides faster but less reliable data transmission compared to TCP.

A VPN extends a private network across a public network, such as the internet.

A technology that generates fully immersive digital environments, allowing users to interact with and experience a simulated world that replaces or enhances their perception of the real world.

WAPs extend a wired network by providing wireless connectivity. They convert wired Ethernet data into wireless signals and vice versa.

A WAN connects devices across large geographic areas, such as cities or countries.