Introduction
Soil degradation is one of the most important environmental challenges explored in IB Environmental Systems and Societies (ESS). For the 2026 first assessment, students must understand not only what soil degradation is, but also its causes, consequences, and management strategies.
Soil degradation is defined as the decline in soil’s ability to support life, whether for agriculture, ecosystems, or human needs. This makes it a key exam topic, especially since it links directly to food production systems, land use, and sustainability. By mastering the causes of soil degradation, you’ll be ready to explain, evaluate, and apply case studies in both Paper 1 and Paper 2.
Quick Start Checklist for ESS Students
When studying soil degradation, make sure you can:
- Define soil degradation clearly.
- Identify the main causes (natural and human).
- Explain the impacts on ecosystems, food security, and sustainability.
- Link soil degradation to case studies.
- Evaluate management strategies to prevent further loss.
Main Causes of Soil Degradation
1. Erosion
- Cause: removal of topsoil by wind or water. Often accelerated by deforestation, overgrazing, or poor farming practices.
- Impact: loss of fertile soil, reduced agricultural productivity, desertification.
- Case study: Dust Bowl (USA, 1930s) — unsustainable plowing practices combined with drought.
2. Salinization
- over-irrigation in arid areas leads to accumulation of salts in the soil.
