Globalization refers to the increasing interconnectedness of states, economies, cultures, and societies across the world. In IB Global Politics, globalization is closely linked to debates about sovereignty, as it creates pressures that limit a state’s ability to act independently. While states remain sovereign in theory, globalization challenges how sovereignty operates in practice.
One of the main ways globalization challenges sovereignty is through economic interdependence. States are deeply integrated into global markets, supply chains, and financial systems. Decisions made in one country can have immediate economic effects elsewhere. As a result, governments often shape domestic policies—such as taxation, labour laws, or environmental regulations—to remain competitive globally. This reduces policy autonomy, as states cannot act freely without considering external economic consequences.
Globalization also strengthens the role of international institutions and agreements. Trade rules, financial regulations, and environmental standards increasingly influence domestic decision-making. Although states voluntarily join these systems, compliance becomes difficult to avoid once participation begins. International expectations and monitoring can limit a government’s freedom to ignore global norms, challenging the idea of complete sovereignty.
Another significant challenge comes from transnational issues. Problems such as climate change, terrorism, pandemics, cybercrime, and migration cross borders and cannot be managed by individual states alone. Addressing these challenges requires cooperation, data sharing, and coordinated policy responses. This necessity reduces unilateral control and shifts authority toward collective decision-making.
Globalization also empowers non-state actors, which can weaken state authority. Multinational corporations influence economic policy through investment decisions, while NGOs shape agendas around human rights and environmental protection. Media and digital platforms spread information rapidly, making it harder for governments to control narratives or public opinion. These actors operate beyond borders, limiting state control over internal affairs.
However, globalization does not eliminate sovereignty entirely. States still control borders, citizenship, and key legal powers. Many governments actively respond to globalization by reasserting sovereignty through protectionist policies, border controls, or national regulation. This shows that sovereignty is being challenged and adapted, not erased.
In IB Global Politics, globalization is therefore seen as a force that reshapes sovereignty rather than destroys it. High-level analysis recognises that sovereignty today is more conditional, shared, and negotiated than in the past, reflecting the realities of an interconnected world.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
What is globalization in IB Global Politics?
Globalization is the growing interconnectedness of states and societies. It involves economic, political, cultural, and technological links. These connections increase interdependence. IB students should link globalization directly to sovereignty debates.
Why does globalization limit state sovereignty?
Globalization limits sovereignty by reducing independent decision-making. States must consider global markets, institutions, and norms. Unilateral action can be costly or ineffective. This constrains absolute autonomy.
Do states choose to give up sovereignty under globalization?
In many cases, yes. States voluntarily join global systems for economic or political benefits. However, once involved, exiting can be difficult. This creates tension between choice and constraint.
How do non-state actors challenge sovereignty?
Non-state actors influence policy, public opinion, and economic outcomes across borders. Governments cannot easily regulate or control them. This weakens exclusive state authority. IB answers should highlight this diffusion of power.
How should globalization and sovereignty be evaluated in exams?
Students should present globalization as a challenge, not a replacement, to sovereignty. Balanced evaluation is essential. Linking examples to concepts strengthens responses. Nuanced judgement leads to higher marks.
