A2.1 Origins of cells (HL)

A2.1.1 Conditions on early Earth and the pre-biotic formation of carbon compounds (HL only)

A2.1.2 Cells as the smallest units of self-sustaining life (HL only)

A2.1.3 Challenge of explaining the spontaneous origin of cells

A2.1.4 Evidence for the origin of carbon compounds

A2.1.5 Spontaneous formation of vesicles by coalescence of fatty acids into spherical bilayers

A2.1.6 RNA as a presumed first genetic material

A2.1.7 Evidence for a last universal common ancestor

A2.1.8 Approaches used to estimate dates of the first living cells

A2.1.9 Evidence for the evolution of the last universal common ancestor