Network Interface Cards (NICs)
- Network Interface Cards (NICs) are essential for connecting computers to a network.
- They can be wired (Ethernet) or wireless (Wi-Fi).
NICs handle the physical and data link layers of the OSI model, ensuring data is transmitted correctly between devices.
Routers and Switches
- Routers direct data packets between different networks, while switches manage data flow within a single network.
- Routers use routing tables to determine the best path for data, while switches use MAC addresses to forward data to the correct device.
In a home network, a router connects your devices to the internet, while a switch might connect multiple computers in an office.
Servers
- Servers are powerful computers that provide resources, services, or data to other devices (clients) on the network.
- Types of servers include web servers , file servers , and database servers.
Servers often have redundant power supplies and RAID storage to ensure reliability and uptime.
Storage Devices
- Distributed networks use various storage solutions, such as Network Attached Storage (NAS) and Storage Area Networks (SAN).
- These devices allow multiple users to access and share data simultaneously.
A NAS device can store backups for an entire office, making data recovery easier in case of hardware failure.
Wireless Access Points (WAPs)
- Wireless Access Points (WAPs) enable wireless devices to connect to the network.
- They are essential for supporting mobile devices like smartphones and tablets.
WAPs use protocols like Wi-Fi 6 to provide faster speeds and better coverage.
Firewalls
- Firewalls are security devices that monitor and control incoming and outgoing network traffic.
- They can be hardware-based or software-based.
Hardware firewalls are often used at the network perimeter, while software firewalls protect individual devices.
Mobile Devices
- The rise of mobile devices like smartphones and tablets has driven the growth of distributed networks.
- These devices rely on cellular networks , Wi-Fi , and Bluetooth to connect and share data.
Mobile devices can act as nodes in a distributed network, participating in tasks like data processing or file sharing.
Edge Devices
- Edge devices process data closer to the source, reducing latency and bandwidth usage.
- Examples include IoT sensors , smart cameras , and industrial controllers.
Edge computing is crucial for applications like autonomous vehicles and smart cities.
Cables and Connectors
- Physical connections in distributed networks rely on cables like Ethernet , fiber optic , and coaxial cables.
- These cables provide high-speed, reliable data transmission.
Fiber optic cables are preferred for long-distance connections due to their high bandwidth and low signal loss.
Power Over Ethernet (PoE)
- Power over Ethernet (PoE) allows devices like IP cameras and WAPs to receive power and data through a single cable.
- This simplifies installation and reduces the need for separate power sources.
PoE is commonly used in smart buildings to power devices like lighting systems and security cameras.
