A1.1.1 Water as the medium for life

18 flashcards

A1.1.2 Hydrogen bonds as a consequence of the polar covalent bonds within water molecules

15 flashcards

A1.1.3 Cohesion of water molecules due to hydrogen bonding and consequences for organisms

15 flashcards

A1.1.4 Adhesion of water to materials that are polar or charged and impacts for organisms

17 flashcards

A1.1.5 Solvent properties of water as a medium for metabolism and transport

11 flashcards

A1.1.6 Physical properties of water and the consequences for animals in aquatic habitats

14 flashcards

A1.1.7 Extraplanetary origin of water on Earth and reasons for its retention (HL only)

18 flashcards

A1.1.8 Relationship between the search for extraterrestrial life and the presence of water (HL only)

16 flashcards

A1.2.1 DNA as the genetic material of all living organisms

21 flashcards

A1.2.2 Components of a nucleotide

19 flashcards

A1.2.3 Sugar–phosphate bonding and the sugar–phosphate “backbone” of DNA and RNA

137 flashcards

A1.2.4 Bases in each nucleic acid that form the basis of a code

19 flashcards

A1.2.5 RNA as a polymer formed by condensation of nucleotide monomers

16 flashcards

A1.2.6 DNA as a double helix linked by hydrogen bonding between complementary base pairs

19 flashcards

A1.2.7 Differences between DNA and RNA

17 flashcards

A1.2.8 Complementary base pairing in allowing genetic information to be replicated and expressed

13 flashcards

A1.2.9 Diversity of possible DNA base sequences and its capacity for storing information

12 flashcards

A1.2.10 Conservation of the genetic code as evidence of universal common ancestry

12 flashcards

A1.2.11 Directionality of RNA and DNA (HL only)

17 flashcards

A1.2.12 Purine-to-pyrimidine bonding as a component of DNA helix stability (HL only)

14 flashcards

A1.2.13 Structure of a nucleosome (HL only)

15 flashcards

A1.2.14 Evidence from the Hershey–Chase experiment for DNA as the genetic material (HL only)

14 flashcards

A1.2.15 Chargaff’s data on pyrimidine and purine bases across diverse life forms (HL only)

12 flashcards

A2.1.1 Conditions on early Earth and the pre-biotic formation of carbon compounds (HL only)

15 flashcards

A2.1.2 Cells as the smallest units of self-sustaining life (HL only)

15 flashcards

A2.1.3 Challenge of explaining the spontaneous origin of cells

14 flashcards

A2.1.4 Evidence for the origin of carbon compounds

14 flashcards

A2.1.5 Spontaneous formation of vesicles by coalescence of fatty acids into spherical bilayers

17 flashcards

A2.1.6 RNA as a presumed first genetic material

16 flashcards

A2.1.7 Evidence for a last universal common ancestor

25 flashcards

A2.1.8 Approaches used to estimate dates of the first living cells

17 flashcards

A2.1.9 Evidence for the evolution of the last universal common ancestor

20 flashcards

A2.2.1 Cells as the basic structural unit of all living organisms

24 flashcards

A2.2.2 Microscopy skills

18 flashcards

A2.2.3 Developments in microscopy

21 flashcards

A2.2.4 Structures common to cells in all living organisms

20 flashcards

A2.2.5 Prokaryote cell structure

4 flashcards

A2.2.6 Eukaryote cell structure

19 flashcards

A2.2.7 Processes of life in unicellular organisms

22 flashcards

A2.2.8 Differences in eukaryotic cell structure between animals, fungi, and plants

20 flashcards

A2.2.9 Atypical cell structure in eukaryotes

19 flashcards

A2.2.10 Cell types and cell structures viewed in light and electron micrographs

17 flashcards

A2.2.11 Drawing and annotation based on electron micrographs

21 flashcards

A2.2.12 Origin of eukaryotic cells by endosymbiosis (HL)

21 flashcards

A2.2.13 Cell differentiation (HL)

22 flashcards

A2.2.14 Evolution of multicellularity (HL)

4 flashcards

A2.3.1 Structural features common to viruses (HL)

21 flashcards

A2.3.2 Diversity of structure in viruses (HL)

40 flashcards

A2.3.3 Lytic cycle of a virus (HL)

18 flashcards

A2.3.4 Lysogenic cycle of a virus (HL)

18 flashcards

A2.3.5 Evidence for several origins of viruses from other organisms (HL)

14 flashcards

A2.3.6 Rapid evolution in viruses (HL)

18 flashcards

A3.1.1 Variation between organisms as a defining feature of life

18 flashcards

A3.1.2 Species as groups of organisms with shared traits

21 flashcards

A3.1.3 Binomial system for naming organisms

19 flashcards

A3.1.4 Biological species concept

23 flashcards

A3.1.5 Difficulties distinguishing between populations and species

18 flashcards

A3.1.6 Diversity in chromosome numbers of plant and animal species

21 flashcards

A3.1.7 Karyotyping and karyograms

21 flashcards

A3.1.8 Unity and diversity of genomes within species

14 flashcards

A3.1.9 Diversity of eukaryote genomes

23 flashcards

A3.1.10 Comparison of genome sizes

21 flashcards

A3.1.11 Current and potential future uses of whole genome sequencing

20 flashcards

A3.1.12 Difficulties applying the biological species concept (HL)

19 flashcards

A3.1.13 Chromosome number as a shared trait within a species (HL)

15 flashcards

A3.1.14 Engagement with local plant or animal species to develop a dichotomous key (HL)

17 flashcards

A3.1.15 Identification of species from environmental DNA in a habitat using barcodes (HL)

20 flashcards

A3.2.1 Need for classification of organisms (HL)

24 flashcards

A3.2.2 Difficulties classifying organisms into the traditional hierarchy of taxa (HL)

19 flashcards

A3.2.3 Advantages of classification corresponding to evolutionary relationships (HL)

15 flashcards

A3.2.4 Clades as groups of organisms with common ancestry and shared characteristics (HL)

19 flashcards

A3.2.5 Gradual accumulation of sequence differences (HL)

20 flashcards

A3.2.6 Base sequences of genes or amino acid sequences of proteins (HL)

14 flashcards

A3.2.7 Analysing cladograms (HL)

13 flashcards

A3.2.8 Using cladistics to investigate evolutionary relationships (HL)

19 flashcards

A3.2.9 Classification of all organisms using evidence from rRNA base sequences (HL)

19 flashcards

A4.1.1 Evolution as change in the heritable characteristics of a population

18 flashcards

A4.1.2 Evidence for evolution from base sequences in DNA or RNA and amino acid sequences

16 flashcards

A4.1.3 Evidence for evolution from selective breeding of domesticated animals and crop plants

15 flashcards

A4.1.4 Evidence for evolution from homologous structures

15 flashcards

A4.1.5 Convergent evolution as the origin of analogous structures

20 flashcards

A4.1.6 Speciation by splitting of pre-existing species

20 flashcards

A4.1.7 Roles of reproductive isolation and differential selection in speciation

16 flashcards

A4.1.8 Differences and similarities between sympatric and allopatric speciation (HL)

21 flashcards

A4.1.9 Adaptive radiation as a source of biodiversity (HL)

15 flashcards

A4.1.10 Barriers to hybridization and sterility of interspecific hybrids (HL)

26 flashcards

A4.1.11 Abrupt speciation in plants by hybridization and polyploidy (HL)

18 flashcards

A4.2.1 Biodiversity as the variety of life in all its forms, levels and combinations

20 flashcards

A4.2.2 Comparisons between current number of species on Earth and past levels of biodiversity

21 flashcards

A4.2.3 Causes of anthropogenic species extinction

21 flashcards

A4.2.4 Causes of ecosystem loss

19 flashcards

A4.2.5 Evidence for a biodiversity crisis

23 flashcards

A4.2.6 Causes of the current biodiversity crisis

21 flashcards

A4.2.7 Need for several approaches to conservation of biodiversity

18 flashcards

A4.2.8 Evolutionarily distinct and globally endangered species in conservation prioritization

22 flashcards