Prototyping
Definition
Prototyping
Prototyping is the process of creating a model or early version of a product to explore ideas, test concepts, and gather feedback before final production.
- Prototyping is a critical step in the iterative design process
- Two primary techniques are used:
- low-fidelity prototyping
- high-fidelity prototyping
| Aspect | Low-Fidelity | High-Fidelity |
|---|---|---|
| Detail Level | Basic, conceptual | Detailed, realistic |
| Cost and Time | Low | High |
| User Feedback | Focuses on core concepts | Provides accurate insights |
| Flexibility | Easy to modify | More challenging to change |
| Use Cases | Early-stage exploration | Final-stage testing and presentation |
Low-Fidelity Prototyping
Definition
Low-Fidelity Prototypes
Simple, quick, and inexpensive representations of a product. Often made using paper, cardboard, or rough digital sketches.
Example
- Cardboard model of a handheld vacuum to test grip and reach
- Foam block mock-up of a TV remote to evaluate size and button placement
- Paper and string prototype of a foldable chair to test folding mechanics
- Clay mock-up of a toothbrush handle to trial the ergonomic shape
- 3D sketch model of a desk lamp using simple materials to test proportions
| Advantages | Disadvantages |
|---|---|
| Fast and cheap to create | Limited interactivity and realism |
| Identifies major design flaws early, minimising costly changes later | Doesn’t reflect real-world performance |
| Encourages early feedback and iteration | Users may struggle to envision the final product, affecting the quality of feedback. |
| Minimal resources or tools required | Inadequate for evaluating technical performance |
High-Fidelity Prototyping
Definition
High-Fidelity Prototypes
Detailed, realistic models that closely mimic the look, feel, and functionality of the final product. Can be digital (interactive) or physical (functional).
Example
- 3D-printed enclosure of a wearable fitness tracker with working strap and buttons
- Functional prototype of a kitchen appliance with real electronics inside (e.g. blender or kettle)
- Vacuum-formed plastic model of a computer mouse with working scroll and click
- High-detail foam or resin model of a hairdryer with correct proportions, vents, and cable
| Advantages | Disadvantages |
|---|---|
| Allows realistic user testing | More time-consuming and expensive to make |
| Closely replicates final design | Users may focus on visuals over function |
| Helps test fine details (e.g. controls) | Can slow down iteration early in the process |
| Allow users to engage with the prototype as they would with the finished product | may become attached to specific details, making it harder to pivot if major changes are needed |
| Stakeholders take it more seriously, increasing buy-in |
Choosing the Right Prototyping Technique
- When deciding between low and high-fidelity prototyping, consider the specific goals of your design process.
- Start with low-fidelity prototypes to explore ideas quickly and get user feedback
- Progress to high-fidelity as the design becomes more refined and ready for testing
Case study
- James Dyson built over 5,000 prototypes when developing his first bagless vacuum.
- Starting with simple cardboard models, he gradually moved to high-fidelity versions with working parts.
- This iterative process helped refine performance, usability, and durability before final production.
Example question
Which of the following terms refers to the degree of realism of a model or simulation?
- Instrumented
- Range of fidelity
- Haptic technology
- Finite element analysis
Solution
Award 1 mark for the correct answer: b - range of fidelity
Self review
Consider a recent prototype you have created:
- Would you deem it a low or high fidelity model?
- Did the model allow you to obtain the feedback or data you were seeking?
